(Redirected from Emilia Snethlage)
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Henriette Mathilde Maria Elizabeth Emilie (Mila) Snethlage
Born
April 13, 1868
Gransee-Kraaz, Brandenburg district, Germany
Died
November 25, 1929
Porto Velho, Madeira River, Brazil
Citizenship
Brazilian
Nationality
German
Fields
Botany, Ornithology
Institutions
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Alma mater
Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg in Breisgau
Doctoral advisor
August Weismann
Known for
Amazonian ornithology
Influences
Emílio Goeldi, Bertha Lutz
Notable awards
Brazilian Academy of Sciences
Notes
This remarkable woman opened science
as a profession for Brazilian women.
Maria Emilie Snethlage (April 13, 1868 – November 25, 1929) was a German-born Brazilian naturalist andornithologist who worked on the bird fauna of the Amazon. Snethlage collected in Brazil from 1905 until her death.
Maria Emilie Snethlage was born in Kraatz, near Gransee, Germany, and educated privately at her father’s house (Rev. Emil Snethlage). In 1900, after years working as a governess, she took up natural history. Snethlage was a doctor in Natural Philosophy and had been a zoological assistant at the Berlin Natural History Museum before being hired by Emílio Goeldi for the natural history museum in Belém on the recommendation of Dr. A. Reichenow. Her work in the Brazilian Amazon took her to Acre and other remote places.
She became the director of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, after the death of botanist Jacques Hüber, between 1914 and 1922. She wrote the Catálogo das Aves Amazônicas (1914). Snethlage was granted honorary membership in the British Ornithologists’ Union in 1915. In 1921 she went to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro, as “naturalista viajante.” She continued her studies of the Brazilian avifauna with field trips to Minas Gerais, Maranhão, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo state, and the Brazilian Amazon.
She died of heart failure in Porto Velho, on the Madeira River, while on a field trip. In her last letter, written shortly before she died, Snethlage mentions meeting the English butterfly collector Margaret Fountaine.
The Madeira Parakeet Pyrrhura snethlageae, described as new to science in 2002, was named in her honour.
Publications (partial list)
Snethlage, E. 1905 - Ueber die Frage vom Muskelansatz und der Herkunft der Muskulatur bei den Arthropoden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Bd. 21. Abteilung für Anatomie
Snethlage, E. 1906 - Ueber brasilianische Voegel. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 14:9.
Snethlage, E. 1906 - Einige Bemerkungen ueber Ypocnemis vidua Hellm. und Phlogopsis paraensis Hellm. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 14:9-3l.
Snethlage, E. 1906 - Ein neuer Zwergspecht. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 14:59-60.
Snethlage, E. 1906 - Ueber unteramazonische Voegel. Journal für Ornithologie, 1906:407-4ll, 519-527; 1907:283-299.
Snethlage, E. 1907 - Neue Vogelarten aus Südamerika. Ornithologische Monatsberichte., 15:160- 164, 193-196.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Eine Vogelsammlung vom Purus, Brasilien. Journal für Ornithologie, 1908:7-24.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Ornithologisches von Tapajoz und Tocantins. Journal für Ornithologie, 1908:493-539.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Sobre uma collecção de aves do Rio Purus. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 5:43-78.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Novas espécies de aves amazônicas das collecções do Museu Goeldi. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 5:437-448.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Novas espécies de peixes amazônicos das collecções do Museu Goeldi. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 5:449-455.
Snethlage, E. 1908 - Bibliographia zoologica. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 5:463-47l.
Snethlage, E. 1909 - Sobre a distribuição da avifauna campestre na Amazônia. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 6:226-235.
Snethlage, E. 1909 - Berichtigung. Orn. Monatsberichte, 18:192.
Snethlage, E. 1910 - Zur Ethnographie der Chipaya und Curuahé. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, : 612-637.
Snethlage, E. 1910 - Neue Vogelarten aus Amazonien. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 20:153- 155.
Snethlage, E. 1912 - A travessia entre o Xingu e o Tapajoz. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 7:49-92.
Snethlage, E. 1912 - Vocabulario comparativo dos Indios Chipayas e Curuahé. Bol. Museu Goeldi, 12:93-99.
Snethlage, E. 1913 - A travessia entre o Xingú e o Tapajoz . Pará, Brazil: E. Lohse & Cia.
Snethlage, E. 1913 - Ueber die Verbreitung der Vogelarten in Unteramazonien. Journal für Ornithologie, 1913: 469-539.
Snethlage, E. 1914 - Neue Vogelarten aus Amazonien. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 22:39-44.
Snethlage, E. 1914 - Catálogo das Aves Amazônicas. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi de Historia Natural e Etnografia, 8: 1-530.
Snethlage, E. 1917 - Nature and Man in Eastern Pará, Brazil. The Geographical Review (New York), 4(1): 4l-50.
Snethlage, E. 1920-1921 - Die Indianerstaemme am mittleren Xingu. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, :395-427.
Snethlage, E. 1923 - Oribatídeos Brasileiros (Uebersetzung der Arbeit, von Dr. Max Sellnick). Archivos Mus. Nacional, 24:283-300.
Snethlage, E. 1924 - Neue Vogelarten aus Nordbrasilien. Journal für Ornithologie, 446-450.
Snethlage, E. 1924 - Informações sobre a avifauna do Maranhão, Bol. Mus. Nacional, 1: 219-223.
Snethlage, E. 1924 - Novas especies de aves do NE do Brasil. Bol. Mus. Nacional, :407-412.
Snethlage, E. 1925 - Neue Vogelarten aus Nordbrasilien. Journal für Ornithologie, 73:264-274.
Snethlage, E. 1925 - Die Flüsse Iriri und Curuá im Gebiete des Xingu. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, : 328-354.
Snethlage, E. 1925 - Resumo de trabalhos executados na Europa de 1924-1925. Bol. Mus. Nacional, 2 (6): 35-70.
Snethlage, E. 1926 - Uma nova espécie de Dendrocolaptídeo no interior do Brasil. Bol. Mus. Nacional, 3(3): 59-60.
Snethlage, E. 1926 - Algumas observações sobre pássaros raros e pouco conhecidos do Brasil, Bol. Mus. Nacional, 3(3): 6l-64.
Snethlage, E. 1927 - Bemerkungen ueber einige wenig bekannte Formicariiden aus Süd- und Mittelbrasilien. Journal für Ornithologie, :37l-374.
Snethlage, E. 1927 - Ein neuer Cuculidae aus Südbrasilien. Ornithologische Monatsberichte, 35(3): 80-82.
Snethlage, E. 1928 - Novas espécies e subespécies de aves do Brasil Central. Bol. Mus. Nac., 4(2): 1-7.
Archives of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.
The standard author abbreviation Snethl. is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.
References
^“Author Query”. International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/authorsearchpage.do.
Cunha, Oswaldo R. (1989). Talento e atitude: estudos biográficos do Museu Emílio Goeldi. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.
Lutz, Bertha. (1958) “Emilie Snethlage (1868-1929)”. In: Museu Nacional/Universidade do Brasil. Relatório annual, 1957 . Rio de Janeiro. p.39-43.
External links
“Museu Paraense de História Natural e Etnografia” page at Dicionário Histórico-Biográfico das Ciências da Saúde no Brasil (1832-1930).
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Snethlage”
Categories: Botanists with author abbreviations | German zoologists | German ornithologists | Women zoologists | German botanists | 1868 births | 1929 deaths | Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
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El Pueblo (Pueblo, Colorado), listed on the NRHP in Pueblo County, Colorado
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Galego
This page was last modified on 26 February 2009 at 23:02.
(Redirected from Atmospheric phenomena)
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An optical phenomenon is any observable event which results from the interaction of light and matter. See also list of optical topics and optics. A mirage is an example of an optical phenomenon.
Common optical phenomena are often due to the interaction of light from the sun or moon with the atmosphere, clouds, water, or dust and other particulates. One common example would be the rainbow, when light from the sun is reflected and refracted by water droplets. Some, such as the green ray, are so rare they are sometimes thought to be mythical. Others, such as Fata Morganas, are commonplace in favored locations.
Other phenomena are simply interesting aspects of optics, or optical effects. The colors generated by a prism are often shown in classrooms, for instance.
Sun halo at latitude 41 degrees south
Contents
1A list of optical phenomena
1.1Atmospheric optical phenomena
1.2Other optical phenomena
1.3Optical effects
1.4Entoptic phenomena
1.5Optical illusions
1.6Unexplained phenomena
2References
3External links
4Further reading
A list of optical phenomena
Optical phenomena include those arising from the optical properties of: the atmosphere; of the rest of nature (Other phenonema); of objects, whether natural or human-made (Optical effects); and of our eyes (Entoptic phenomena). Also listed here are unexplained phenomena that could have an optical explanation and “optical illusions” for which optical explanations have been excluded.
There are many phenomena which result from either the particle or the wave nature of light. Some are quite subtle and observable only by precise measurement using scientific instruments. One famous observation was of the bending of light from a star by the Sun observed during a solar eclipse. This demonstrated that space is curved. See Theory of relativity.
Observations of some phenomena such as the photoelectric effect, the flow of electric current in a material or through a vacuum (as in a photocell) when the material is exposed to light, led to advances in science, as they could not be easily explained by existing theory.
Atmospheric optical phenomena
The Circumzenithal Arc over Grand Forks, ND
Afterglow
Airglow
Alexander’s band, the dark region between the two bows of a double rainbow.
Alpenglow
Anticrepuscular rays
Auroral light (northern and southern lights, aurora borealis and aurora australis)
Belt of Venus
Blue moon
Circumzenithal arc
Crepuscular rays
Earthquake lights
Elves
Glories (also known as Brocken’s Specter or Specter of the Brocken)
the Green ray
Halos, of Sun or Moon, including sun dogs
Heiligenschein or halo effect, partly caused by the Opposition effect
Cloud iridescence
Light pillar
Rainbows
Mirages (including Fata Morgana)
Sprites
Shadow set
Tyndall effect
Other optical phenomena
Dichromatism
Gegenschein
Iridescence
Opposition effect
Sylvanshine
Zodiacal light
Optical effects
Asterism, star gems such as star sapphire or star ruby.
Aura, a phenomenon in which gas or dust surrounding an object luminesces or reflects light from the object.
Aventurescence, also called the Schiller effect, spangled gems such as aventurine quartz and sunstone.
The camera obscura
Caustics
Chatoyancy, cat’s eye gems such as chrysoberyl cat’s eye or aquamarine cat’s eye
Chromatic polarization
Cathodoluminescence
Diffraction, the apparent bending and spreading of light waves when they meet an obstruction.
Dispersion
Double refraction
The Double-slit experiment
Electroluminescence
Evanescent wave
Fluorescence, also called luminescence or photoluminescence.
Phosphorescence
metamerism as of alexandrite
Newton’s rings
Pleochroism gems or crystals which seem many-colored
Polarized light-related phenomena such as double refraction, or Haidinger’s brush
Rayleigh scattering (Why the sky is blue, sunsets are red, clouds are white, and associated phenomena)
Refraction
Sonoluminescence
Shrimpoluminescence
Synchrotron radiation
The separation of light into colors by a prism
Triboluminescence
The Zeeman effect
Thomson Scattering
Total internal reflection
Twisted light
The Umov effect
The ability of light to travel through space or through a vacuum.
Entoptic phenomena
Main article: Entoptic phenomenon
Diffraction of light through the eye lashes
Floaters
Haidinger’s brush
Monocular diplopia (or polyplopia) from reflections at boundaries between the various ocular media
Phosphenes from stimulation other than by light (e.g., mechanical, electrical) of the rod cells and cones of the eye or of other neurons of the visual system
Purkinje images.
Optical illusions
Main article: optical illusion
The unusually large size of the Moon as it rises and sets, the moon illusion
The shape of the sky, the sky bowl
Unexplained phenomena
Some phenomena are still unexplained, and they could very possibly be some kind of optical phenomena. Some consider many of these “mysteries” to be simply local tourist attractions not worthy of investigation.
Marfa lights
Hessdalen lights
Min Min lights
Light of Saratoga
Naga Fireballs
References
^ “Green Rays”
External links
Atmospheric Optics Reference site
SpaceW Site for reporting Aurora activity data
Spaceweather.com Official NASA site with many photos
Astronomy in New Zealand Many atmospheric optical effect photos and descriptions
Further reading
Thomas D. Rossing and Christopher J. Chiaverina, Light Science: Physics and the Visual Arts, Springer, New York, 1999, hardback, ISBN 0-387-98827-0
Robert Greenler, Rainbows, Halos, and Glories, Elton-Wolf Publishing, 1999, hardback, ISBN 0-89716-926-3
Polarized Light in Nature, G. P. Können, Translated by G. A. Beerling, Cambridge University Press, 1985, hardcover, ISBN 0-521-25862-6
M.G.J. Minnaert, Light and Color in the Outdoors, ISBN 0-387-97935-2
John Naylor “Out of the Blue: A 24-hour Skywatcher’s Guide”, CUP, 2002, ISBN 0-521-80925-8
Abenteuer im Erdschatten (German).
The Marine Observers’ Log
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Categories: Optical phenomena
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This page was last modified on 18 January 2010 at 07:16.
Jaam-e Jam (mythology) or the Cup of Jamshid, a cup of divination in Persian mythology
Jaam-e Jam (television), an American-based Persian TV station
Jaam-e Jam (newspaper), an Iraniian newspaper
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This page was last modified on 22 January 2010 at 20:38.
The Take (2004 film), a 2004 Canadian documentary film about recovered factories
The Take (2008 film), a 2008 crime drama film
The Take (TV series), a 2009 TV series
The Take, a novel by Martina Cole on which the TV series was based
The Take (band), an Australian band
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Take”
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This page was last modified on 22 January 2010 at 05:38.
The Paragon (Chinese: ???) is an upmarket shopping centre on Orchard Road, Singapore. It was redeveloped in the late 1990s, transforming it into a modern glass-covered building. The decor has been described as “posh and sleek”. The 18-storey shopping centre was designed by Kumpulan Senireka Sendirian Berhad, a Malaysian architectural firm.
Paragon’s $45 million facelift was completed in February 2009, comprising a contemporary and elegant-looking facade, an expansion of three more floors of office and medical space as well as new stores.
Started in January 2008, the facelift forms part of Paragon’s continuous efforts to enhance its retail environment and shopping experience for customers. Securing an even stronger positioning as an upscale shopping mall with its diverse mix of international brands appealing to the discerning fashionista.
The renovation is also in step with the URA’s call to building owners to create more interesting and unique building facades to enhance the vibrancy of Orchard Road.
Contents
1Stores
2Location and accessibility
3References
4External links
Stores
Anchor tenants include Metro and Marks and Spencer. Diesel, Emanuel Ungaro, Escada, and Salvatore Ferragamo are some of the many stores in the shopping centre, while Marks and Spencer has brands such as Alfred Dunhill, Crabtree & Evelyn, Fendi, Gucci, etc. There are also Miss Sixty, G-star, GAS, A/X Armani Exchange, United Colors of Benetton and others located in the shopping centre.
There are several restaurants in the shopping centre, ranging from the moderately priced Thai Express to high-end Lawry’s Prime Rib.
The city ticket office for Singapore Airlines was once located in the shopping centre. Travellers can collect their boarding passes and advance check-in up to 48 hours before their scheduled flights. From 14 June 2009, the Singapore Airlines Service Centre and PPS Club Service Centre in Singapore begins operation temporarily from The Atrium at Orchard, before relocating to ION Orchard. Downtown check-in will no longer be offered at both the temporary service centre at The Atrium Orchard as well as the new one-stop service centre at ION Orchard.
Complete list of retail brands available in Paragon Shopping Centre
Location and accessibility
The Paragon is located in Orchard Road between the Somerset MRT Station and Orchard MRT Station.
References
“Uniquely Singapore - Shopping in Orchard”. Singapore Tourism Board. http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/what_to_do/shopping/where_to_shop/shopping_in_orchard.html. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
^ ab Paragon | Store/Shop Review | Singapore | Frommers.com
Anchorpoint Shopping Centre ·Bukit Panjang Plaza ·Causeway Point ·The Centrepoint ·Century Square ·Change Alley ·City Square Mall (Singapore) ·CityLink Mall ·Forum The Shopping Mall ·Funan DigitaLife Mall ·Hougang Mall ·IMM Shopping Mall ·Jurong Entertainment Centre ·Leisure Park Kallang ·Kovan Centre ·Lot One ·The Majestic ·Mustafa Centre ·Northpoint Shopping Centre ·Orchard Central ·Plaza Singapura ·Sim Lim Square ·Specialists’ Shopping Centre ·Stamford House, Singapore ·Tampines 1 ·Tampines Mall ·Tekka Centre ·Thomson Plaza ·Upper Serangoon Shopping Centre ·The Verge ·VivoCity ·West Mall ·White Sands Shopping Centre
Incorporated
313 @ Somerset ·AMK Hub ·Bugis Junction ·Cathay Cineleisure Orchard ·The Cathay ·The Central ·Compass Point Shopping Centre ·The Concourse Shopping Mall ·Esplanade Mall ·Far East Plaza ·Golden Mile Complex ·Great World City ·HarbourFront Centre ·The Heeren Shops ·Iluma ·International Plaza ·ION Orchard ·Junction 8 Shopping Centre ·Jurong Point Shopping Mall ·Le Meridien Shopping Centre ·Liang Court ·Lucky Plaza ·Mandarin Gallery ·Marina Bay Sands ·Marina Square Shopping Mall ·Millenia Walk ·Ngee Ann City ·Nex ·Novena Square Shopping Mall ·Paragon Shopping Centre·Parkway Parade ·Peninsula Plaza ·People’s Park Centre ·People’s Park Complex ·OUB Centre ·Orchard Towers ·Raffles City Shopping Centre ·Scotts Shopping Centre ·Shaw House and Centre ·South Beach, Singapore ·Sun Plaza ·Suntec City Mall ·Tangs Plaza ·Ten Mile Junction ·Tiong Bahru Plaza ·United Square Shopping Mall ·Wheelock Place ·Yishun 10 ·West Coast Plaza ·Wisma Atria
HDB
Gek Poh Shopping Centre · Heartland Mall · HDB Hub · Pioneer Mall · Yew Tee Square
External links
Official site of Paragon Shopping Centre
Kumpulan Senireka Sdn Bhd (architects) ,
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paragon”
Categories: Shopping malls in Singapore | Orchard Road | Orchard
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This page was last modified on 23 December 2009 at 22:40.
Quaerite Scientiam Et Honorum
“Seek Knowledge and Honor”
Religious affiliation
none
Established
1914
Headmaster
Mr. Jonathan G. Brougham
Faculty
115
Enrollment
590 total as of 2008-2009
Average class size
12-14
Student:teacher ratio
6:1
Campus
45 acres
Color(s)
Red/Black
Athletics
50+ Interscholastic Sports
Athletics conference
Mid-Atlantic Prep League
Mascot
the Raiders
Average SAT scores
571 verbal
630 math (2008)
Website
School website
The Hun School of Princeton is a private, coeducational, secondary boarding school located in Princeton Township, New Jersey, in the United States. The school has a Princeton, New Jersey mailing address. The school serves students from grades 6 through post-graduate. Currently, the headmaster is Mr. Jonathan Brougham.
Contents
1History
2Student body
3Athletics
4Facilities
5School publications
6Clubs and organizations
7Notable alumni
8References
9External links
History
Student body
As of the 2008-09 school year, the School has 590 students. Approximately 95 students attend the Hun Middle School, which houses grades 6-8. The rest are in the Upper School. About 70% of Hun’s Upper School students are day students, and the rest are boarders. Students come from 14 states and 20 countries.
Athletics
Hun School participates in the Mid-Atlantic Prep League, a sports league with participating institutions from university preparatory schools in the New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania area. Schools competing in the league include Blair Academy in Blairstown, New Jersey, The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Mercersburg Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. The Hun School also competes against other local preparatory schools such as the St. Benedict’s Preparatory School, The Pennington School, Ranney School, Princeton Day School, and Stuart Country Day School of the Sacred Heart.
Fall Sports: Coed: Cross-Country, Dance, GirlsField Hockey, Boys: Football, Coed Soccer, Girls Tennis, Water Polo
Winter Sports: Boys and Girls Basketball, Boys and Girls Fencing, ice hockey, Boys and Girls Swimming
Spring Sports: Boys Baseball, Boys and Girls Crew, Dance, Golf, Boys and Girls Lacrosse, Girls Softball, Track, Boys Tennis
The Hun Middle School has different sports.
Fall Sports: Boys and Girls Cross-Country, Boys and Girls Soccer, Girls Field Hockey.
Winter Sports: Boys and Girls Basketball
Spring Sports: Boys and Girls Tennis, Boys Lacrosse, Boys Baseball, Girls Softball
Facilities
Russell Hall
Poe Dormitory (1959)
Carter Hall (1964)
The Alexander K. Buck Student Activity Center (1974) - Better known to students as the SAC. Also the setting of the Middle School, serving grades 6-8
The John Andrew Saks Auditorium
The Chesebro Academic Center (1964) - Used as the Upper School
The Ralph S. Mason House (1984)
The Michael D. Dingman Center for Science and Technology (1987)
The Perry K. Sellon Information Center (1987)
The Roberta J. King Outdoor Education Center
The Mary Miller Sharp Ceramic and Sculpture Studio (1994)
The Heart of Hun (2004)
Natale Field (2004)
The Ventresca Family Video Production and TV Studio (2005)
Athletic Center (2007)
The Shipley Pavilion (2007) - The Gymnasium
The Landis Family Fine Arts Buildling (2008)
School publications
The Mall, the Upper School newspaper.
The Edgerstounian, the School yearbook
The Hun Review, an award-winning literary magazine showcasing the writing and artwork of Hun School students.
Attila, the Middle School newspaper.
Clubs and organizations
Upper School clubs and organizations include: Amnesty International, Asian Language and Culture Club, Attila Tones (Glee Club), Ceramics Club, Chamber Music Players, Chess Club, Choir, Concert Choir, Diversity Club, Edger Tones (Girls’ A Cappella), Environmental/Outdoor Club, Environmental Sustainability Club, F.I.S.H (Faith Inspired Students at Hun), Forensics (Speech, Debate and Congress), French Club, Gaming Society, Gay-Straight Alliance, Gospel Choir, Hun Film Society, Hun TV, Hunkapella (Boys’ A Cappella), Janus Players (Theatre), Jazz Band, Latin Club, Key Club, Knitting Club, S.A.D.D. (Students Against Destructive Decisions), Ski Club, Spanish Club, Techno-Raiders (A/V Club), and Young Alumni Association
Middle School clubs include: Arts Club, Bits and Pieces Club, Craft Club, Creative Drama Club, Frisbee Club, Hearts Club, Hun TV, Kickball Club, and Scrabble Club.
Students also may participate in Peer Leadership, Honor Council, Student Council, Edgerstoune Society, and Red Shield Society.
Notable alumni
Nicole Arendt (born 1969), professional tennis player.
Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, Saudi prince, Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia
Khalid al Faisal, Saudi prince, Governor of ‘Asir Province, Director General of the King Faisal Foundation.
Jim Coane, Academy Award winning film Producer. Founder of Coane Productions.
Richard Cytowic, neurologist and author of The Man Who Tasted Shapes
Dick Foran, actor known as the “Singing Cowboy,” starred in Fort Apache (film), The Petrified Forest, and Black Legion (film).
Steve Garrison, a minor league pitcher for drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers then traded to the San Diego Padres.
Richard Guadagno, a passenger aboard United Airlines Flight 93 thought to have helped in the overtaking of the plane on September 11, 2001
Ethan Hawke, star of Reality Bites, Gattaca, Training Day (Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor), and Before Sunset (Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay)
Susan Hendricks, CNN Headline News anchor
Robert Littell, New Jersey State Senator.
Herb Maack (born 1917), former Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) player and college football head coach
Les Otten (born 1949), Vice-Chairman and Partner of the Boston Red Sox
Stephen Polin, American surrealist artist
Jason Read (born 1977), the bow seat in the 2004 Summer Olympics Gold medal-winning, U.S. Men’s Rowing Team.
Myron Rolle (born 1986), Rhodes Scholarship awarded 2008, All-American Safety for Florida State & ACC Defensive Rookie of the Year in 2006. 2008 Watchlist for the Lott Trophy (Defensive Player of the Year) and the Bronco Nagurski Trophy (FWAA’s Defensive Player of the Year). Given the 2008 Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity Award for his work with stem cells. FSU football player rated the number one high school prospect in the country by ESPN.
Elliott Roosevelt (1910-1990), American World War II hero, author, and son of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Alfred D. Sieminski (1911-1990), represented New Jersey’s 13th congressional district from 1951-1959.
Paul Steiger (born 1942), managing editor of The Wall Street Journal, vice president of Dow Jones.
Shawn Tully, senior writer and editor for Fortune
Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (1914-1993), Former CEO of IBM and Ambassador to the Soviet Union under President Jimmy Carter.
References
^ ab Data for the Hun School of Princeton, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed June 12, 2007.
^ New Jersey Tennis Stars, Hangout NJ. Accessed June 12, 2007. “Nicole Arendt of Somerville turned pro in 1991 and is currently ranked 26 in the world in women’s doubles. The Hun School of Princeton graduate holds 16 career Women’s Tennis Association (WTA) doubles titles and won the tour sportsmanship award in 1993.”
^ MacFarquhar, Neil. “THREATS AND RESPONSES; ‘Feeling of Frustration’ Makes Arab World an Explosive Region”, The New York Times, September 13, 2002. “EARLY YEARS: Born 1940 in Mecca. Educated at Hun School in Princeton, N.J.; B.A. Oxford, 1966.”
^ “El inquieto Ethan Hawke”, El Imparcial (Hermosillo), January 12, 2005. Accessed June 12, 2007. “El joven Ethan cursó estudios en la High School West Windsor-Plainsboro, en la Carnegie-Mello y en la Hun School de Princeton, donde se graduó en 1988.”
^ Senator Robert E. Littell, New Jersey Legislature. Accessed June 12, 2007.
^ Lieber, Jill. “Read emerges from nightmare with stronger faith, will”, USA Today, July 21, 2004. Accessed June 12, 2007. “He became passionate about rowing when he was just a scrawny, metal-mouthed eighth-grader at The Hun School in Princeton, N.J., battling his way to the 2004 Olympic eight despite always being seen as too small in such a powerful sport.”
^ Rolle A Seminole, ESPN.com. Accessed October 17, 2006.
^ Alfred Dennis Sieminski biography, United States Congress. Accessed June 29, 2007.
^ “Lieut. T. J. Watson Jr. Weds Olive Cawley In the Post Chapel at Fort McClellan”], The New York Times, December 16, 1941. “Her husband, who is attached to the 102nd Observation Squadron, Was graduated from the Hun School in Princeton, N. J., and in 1937 from Brown University.”
External links
The Hun School of Princeton’s website
data for the Hun School, National Center for Education Statistics
v•d•e Private High Schools and Prep Schools in New Jersey
Blair Academy · Christian Brothers Academy · Delbarton School · Dwight-Englewood School · Gill St. Bernard’s School ·Hun School of Princeton · Kent Place School · Lawrenceville School · Morristown-Beard School · Newark Academy · Oratory Preparatory School · Peddie School · The Pennington School · The Pingry School · Princeton Day School · Ranney School · Rutgers Preparatory School · Seton Hall Preparatory School · Saint Benedict’s Preparatory School · St. Peter’s Preparatory School · Wardlaw-Hartridge School
v•d•e
New Jersey Association of Independent High Schools
Academy Charter •Blair •Collegiate •Community •Craig •Delbarton •Dwight-Englewood •Gill St. Bernard •Holy Angels •Hudson •Hun School •Kent Place •Lacordaire •Lawrenceville •Monmouth •Montclair Kimberley •Moorestown Friends •Morristown-Beard •Mount Saint Dominic •Mount St. Mary •Newark •Newgrange •Noor Ul-Iman •Oak Knoll •Oratory Prep •Peddie •Pennington •Pingry •Princeton Day •Purnell •Ranney •Rutgers Prep •Saddle River Day •Saint Benedict’s •Saint Dominic •Seton Hall Prep •Solomon Schechter •St. Aloysius (defunct) •Saint Elizabeth •St. Philip’s •Stuart Country •Villa Victoria •Wardlaw-Hartridge
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun_School_of_Princeton”
Categories: Boarding schools in New Jersey | High schools in Mercer County, New Jersey | Private schools in New Jersey | Educational institutions established in 1914Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010
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Promotional art by Jim Starlin for Thanos #4 (March 2004)
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Iron Man #55 (Feb. 1973)
Created by
Jim Starlin
In-story information
Species
Eternal Mutant
Place of origin
Titan
Team affiliations
Infinity Watch
Secret Defenders
Annihilation Wave
Notable aliases
The Mad Titan
Abilities
Superhuman strength, stamina, durability, longevity and intelligence
Energy and matter manipulation
Telekinesis
Teleportation
Thanos is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Man #55 (Feb. 1973) and was created by writer-artist Jim Starlin. The character’s name is a derivation of Thanatos, the personification of death and mortality in Greek mythology.
Debuting in the Bronze Age of comic books, the character has featured in over three decades of Marvel continuity and a self-titled series. Thanos has also been featured in other Marvel-endorsed products including animated television series; arcade and video games; toys and trading cards.
Contents
1Character and publication history
1.1Origin
1.2Development
2Powers and abilities
3Other versions
4In other media
5Collected editions
6Footnotes
7External links
Character and publication history
Origin
Writer-artist Jim Starlin originally conceived Thanos of Titan during college psychology classes. As Starlin described:
“
I went to college between doing U.S. military service and getting work in comics, and there was a psych class and I came up with Thanos … and Drax the Destroyer, but I’m not sure how he fit into it, just anger management probably. So I came up to Marvel and Roy asked if I wanted to do an issue of Iron Man. I felt that this may be my only chance ever to do a character, not having the confidence that my career was going to last anything longer than a few weeks. So they got jammed into it. Thanos was a much thinner character and Roy suggested beefing him up, so he’s beefed up quite a bit from his original sketches … and later on I liked beefing him up so much that he continued to grow in size.
”
The origin story of Thanos relates that he was born on Titan, a moon of the planet Saturn, to Mentor and Sui-San. Due to a genetic quirk, Thanos is born with the Deviant gene and as such resembles the Deviants — the Eternals’ cousin race — more than his own people. Although treated fairly by his race, Thanos is mindful of his appearance and becomes distant, only keeping company with his brother Eros (Starfox). Thanos matures to adulthood, and via the use of bionics and mysticism augments his abilities to become the most powerful of the Titanian-born Eternals, and is often referred to as the Mad Titan. Writer Starlin added another player to convey the gravity of Thanos’ threat: Death itself, in the form of “Mistress” Death is drawn by the level of the character’s obsession. Bitter at being an outsider, Thanos becomes fascinated with nihilism and a worshipper of Death, embarking on his quest to “please” death, and begins by conducting a nuclear bombardment of Titan that kills millions of his race (Thanos’ mother is thought to have died during the bombardment, but it is discovered that he kidnaps and then dissects her.) The character travels to Earth, and prior to landing his vessel destroys a nearby car to prevent anyone from becoming aware of his existence. Unknown to Thanos, two of the family members in the vehicle survive — the father’s spirit is preserved by the Titanian cosmic entity Chronos and is given a new form as Drax the Destroyer while the daughter is found by Thanos’ father Mentor and is raised to become the heroine Moondragon.
Development
The character first appears in Iron Man #55 (Feb. 1973), and is established as a “cosmic villain”. Thanos forms a plan that spans multiple titles, including Captain Marvel #25–33 (bi-monthly: Mar. 1972 - July 1974), with cameo appearances in Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974) and Avengers #125 (July 1974) and a one-shot story in Logan’s Run #6 (June 1977). Wishing to conquer the galaxy, the character builds a base on Earth, constructs a space vessel that acts as a “universal translator” for his huge army of alien mercenaries, and begins an obsessive quest for an item called the Cosmic Cube, which can make wishes a reality. Thanos eventually locates the Cube, and wills it to becomes omnipotent and easily defeats Earth’s heroes, but makes the mistake of discarding what he believes to be a now-drained Cube. Captain Marvel shatters the Cube, which undoes Thanos’ wish. Thanos then discovers that Death has abandoned him as result of his defeat, and retreats.
Thanos battles Spider-Man and the Thing on the cover of Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2 (1977). Art by Jim Starlin.
Thanos reappears to join forces with the hero Adam Warlock and defeat the Magus, a warped and future version of the hero Adam Warlock. It is during this alliance Thanos secretly siphons off the energies of the Soul Gem that Warlock possesses for future use. Thanos combines the energies from the Soul Gem with the energies of the other Infinity Gems to power a weapon capable of destroying a star. Thanos battles Earth’s superheroes and kills Adam Warlock. The story arc ends with the Soul Gem, releasing the spirit of Adam Warlock, whose spirit subsequently turns Thanos’s body to stone. Thanos’s spirit would appear to accompanie Captain Marvel’s soul into the realm of Death.
Starlin resurrected Thanos in Silver Surfer vol. 3, #34 (Feb. 1990). The revived Thanos decides to collect the Infinity Gems, in a two-issue miniseries, The Thanos Quest (1990), which he takes from the In-Betweener and the Elders of the Universe. Thanos then combines the gems on his left glove to create the Infinity Gauntlet, which makes him omnipotent and allows him to exceed the power he once possessed with the Cosmic Cube. It is followed by a series of annual company-wide crossovers featuring Thanos, anchored by the limited series Infinity Gauntlet, in which Thanos erases half the population of the universe, hoping to win the heart of Death. Earth’s superheroes and cosmic entities confront him but Thanos easily defeats them. The conflict is resolved when Thanos loses the Gauntlet to Adam Warlock, and the villain escapes by faking his own death.
Thanos wearing the Infinity Gauntlet on the cover of the Infinity Gauntlet collected edition (Aug, 1992).
Art by George Pérez.
Warlock eventually divides up the Infinity Gems and creates the Infinity Watch to guard them. Thanos is entrusted by Warlock with the reality gem. Thanos then assists Adam Warlock and Earth’s superheroes against the Magus and the Goddess — the evil and good personas of Warlock, who expunged them to become omnipotent when possessing the Infinity Gauntlet.
After fighting Thor, now strengthened by the Power Gem, in single combat, Thanos uses an invention to imprison him, and takes Thor to Asgard, home of the Norse Gods. Once in Asgard Thanos, Drax, and the Silver Surfer engage Thor’s father Odin in battle, but are overpowered. Odin discovers he is indirectly responsible for Thor’s insanity, and aids Thor in curing himself.
Thanos next recruits a team of Earth-bound super-villains and puts them under the field leadership of Geatar (who usually serves as consort to Thanos’s grand-daughter Nebula) in a mission to extract a robot containing the knowledge of a universal library. Thanos afterwards battles a new extraterrestrial threat — Tyrant, a failed creation of Galactus., whom he learns of from the library robot’s database.
Thanos is revealed to be trapped in an alternate dimension and employs the aid of the brother of Ka-Zar, Parnival Plunder, to attempt escape, planning to control all vegetation and cause universal havoc. A year later Thanos is still trapped, and attempts to use the Hulk as a physical anchor back to the Earth-616 universe but is defeated by the Hulk and the mutant X-Man. Thanos eventually reappears, having escaped the alternate dimension, and seeking the Chalice of Ruins, Map of All-Ending, and Illumination Stone, which when united will enable the user to destroy the universe. Thanos enlists the aid of the Asgardian monster Mangog and the traitor Tarakis, and storms Asgard and ravages entire worlds hunting for the artifacts. Just as Thanos unites the items and realizes his goal, Thor dons Asgardian armor which allows him to match Thanos’ new power levels and defeats the Titan.
Thanos then uses the heroes Thor and Genis-Vell (Captain Marvel’s son) against the death god Walker, who attempts to woo Mistress Death and then destroy the entity after being rejected. Thanos then devises a plan to become the All-Father of a new race of Gods created by himself. Thanos, however, finds himself opposed by the Avengers, former member Mantis, and her son Quoi, apparently destined to be the Celestial Messiah. Thanos abandons this plan after having to unite with Mistress Death to destroy the Rot, an aberration in deep space that is apparently their offspring. Thanos once conducted extensive research on genetics, and after studying many of the universe’s heroes and villains cloned them and gene-spliced his own DNA into the subjects. Although he later abandons the project, five clones survive, being versions of Professor X, Iron Man, Gladiator, Doctor Strange, and Galactus respectively. A sixth and unnamed version of Thanos also appears, and it is revealed the incarnations of Thanos encountered by Thor and Ka-Zar were his clones. The true Thanos — with the aid of Adam Warlock, Gamora, Pip the Troll, Spider-Man, Captain Marvel, and Dr. Strange — destroys the remaining clones.
When an ancient Egyptian pharoh stumbles upon a source of cosmic power tied into the dawn and end of time and subsequently returns to Earth centuries later, Thanos recruits the Defenders to seek out the source of the pharoh’s power and eventually wrests control of it from him. Thanos uses the power to fix any damage done by the Pharoh (which had included the deaths of most of Earth’s major hero teams such as the X-men, Avengers and Fantastic Four) and then once again gives up his physical form to take control of the universe. Adam Warlock convinces Thanos to voluntarily relinquish the power, but as a result of its origins with the dawn and end of time, Thanos emerges having experienced the entire history of the universe and claims he will no longer seek universal conquest.
Thanos next decides to atone for some of his deeds in the Thor-Mangog affair, and agrees to aid a colony of Rigellians in evacuating their planet before Galactus can consume it. During the course of this mission Thanos learns Galactus is collecting the Infinity Gems in an effort to end his universal hunger. Thanos later learns Galactus is being manipulated by a comsic threat known as Hunger which feeds on entire universes into freeing it. Thanos unsuccessfully battles Galactus in an effort to stop him from the entity, but when Hunger emerges the two team up to defeat it.
Thanos next journeys to the Kyln, an intergalactic prison at the site of the Crunch—described as the place where the Big Bang formed the universe. On his way there he meets Death—this time in the form of a female child, who for the first time in their long history agrees to speak directly with Thanos and tells him she is worth his efforts to woo but that he must offer her something other than death (such as he had the two times he possessed the infinity gems) as she has all the death she needs. At the Kyln he meets Star Lord and the Shi’ar warrior Gladiator. He then encounters the Beyonder, now using the alias the Maker, who has been rendered amnesiac by his/her choice to assume a mortal female form. Thanos alludes to an undefined prior history with the Beyonder (all the more odd since Thanos was dead during any of the prior storylines in which the Beyonder was active in the Marvel Universe). Thanos battles the Beyonder and causes her mind to shut down leaving her power trapped within a comatose mortal body, which he instructs the Kyln officers to keep on life support indefinitely in order to prevent the Beyonder from once again being reborn.
Thanos then departs the Kyln in the company of a chaos-mite named Skreet that he frees from the prison in a quest to seek the Fallen—an entity he learned of from Star Lord—whom was the previously unknown first herald of Galactus and whom was eventually exiled by Galactus after he became genocidal. Thanos resurrects the entity who promptly seeks revenge on Galactus, however Galactus allows Thanos to deal with his ex-herald and Thanos eventually defeats the Fallen and places him under his complete mental control as his own herald.
Thanos has a pivotal role in the Annihilation Wave storyline, where he allies himself with the genocidal villain Annihilus. His involvement begins when Death advises him that Annihlus plans “something wonderful” for the universe and bids him to seek him out. When the Anhilation Wave destroys the Kyln, Thanos sends the Fallen to check on the status of the Beyonder, whose mortal form he finds has perished. Before the Fallen can report back to Thanos it encounters Tenebrous and Aegis — two of Galactus’ ancient enemies who recognize Galactus’s mark on the former herald. Thanos then recovers his herald and in the process convinces Tenebrous and Aegis to join the Ahnillation Wave in order to get revenge on Galactus, and they subsequently defeat the World Devourer and the Silver Surfer. Annihilus desires the secret of the Power Cosmic and asks Thanos to study Galactus, but once Thanos learns of Annihilus’ true goal (to use the Power Cosmic to destroy all life and remain the sole survivor) he decides to free Galactus. Drax the Destroyer, however, appears and kills Thanos before he can do so. During a climactic battle with Annihilus, the hero Nova is near death and sees Thanos — now standing with Mistress Death as her apparent consort — observing him.
April 2010 Solicitations from Marvel have revealed that Thanos will return in Guardians of the Galaxy #25.
Powers and abilities
Thanos is a mutant member of the race of superhumans known as the Titanian Eternals. The character possesses abilities common to the Eternals, such as superhuman strength, stamina and durability, which have been augmented via bionic amplification, mysticism, and the entity Death. Thanos is also able to manipulate and project cosmic energy; matter manipulation; telekinesis and limited telepathy, and courtesy of advanced technology is capable of force field projection; time travel, movement through alternate universes and teleportation over interstellar distances. Thanos is also a master strategist and utitlizes a space vessel called starship Sanctuary II as a base of operations.
Other versions
In the alternate universe limited series Earth X, Thanos dwells in the Realm of the Dead with the entity Death.
Thanos features in the limited series Marvel Zombies 2, set in the alternate universe of Earth-2149. Having been “zombified”, the character is killed by the Hulk after an altercation over food.
The Ultimate Marvel imprint title Ultimate Fantastic Four features an alternate universe version of Thanos who is the ruler of Acheron, a vast empire consisting of thousands of worlds that exist in another plane of existence.
In other media
Thanos features in the animated television series Silver Surfer (1998) voiced by Gary Krawford and the The Super Hero Squad Show (2009) voiced by Steve Blum.
The character appears in the video games Marvel Super Heroes (1995); War of the Gems (1996); Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes (2000) and is briefly mentioned in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance (2006).
Toy Biz; Diamond Select Toys; Bowen Designs and Eaglemoss have also released mini-busts and statues of the character.
Thanos is included as a collectible figure from the board game Heroscape featured in the Marvel crossover set.
Collected editions
A number of the stories featuring Thanos have been collected into trade paperbacks:
The Life of Captain Marvel (collects Iron Man #55, Captain Marvel #25-34, and Marvel Feature #12, 1991, ISBN 087135635X)
Essential Avengers: Volume 6 (includes Captain Marvel #33 and The Avengers #125 and 135, 576 pages, February 2008, ISBN 0-7851-3058-6)
The Greatest Battles of the Avengers (includes Avengers Annual #7, 156 pages, December 1993, ISBN 0871359812)
Essential Marvel Two-in-One: Volume 2 (includes Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2, 568 pages, July 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2698-8)
Marvel Masterworks Warlock: Volume 2 (includes Warlock (vol. 1) #9-11, 15, Avengers Annual #7 and Marvel Two-in-One Annual #2, hardcover, 320 pages, June 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3511-1)
Silver Surfer: Rebirth Of Thanos (collects Silver Surfer #34-38, The Thanos Quest miniseries, and “The Final Flower!” from Logan’s Run #6, 224 pages, April 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2046-7)
Infinity Gauntlet (collects Infinity Gauntlet limited series, 256 pages, March 2000, ISBN 0871359448, December 2004, ISBN 0-7851-0892-0, July 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2349-0)
Infinity War (collects Infinity War limited series, Warlock and the Infinity Watch #7-10, and Marvel Comics Presents #108-111, 400 pages, April 2006, ISBN 0-7851-2105-6)
Infinity Crusade:
Volume 1 (collects Infinity Crusade #1-3, Warlock Chronicles #1-3, and Warlock and the Infinity Watch #18-19, 248 pages, December 2008, ISBN 0-7851-3127-2)
Volume 2 (collects Infinity Crusade #4-6, Warlock Chronicles #4-5, and Warlock and the Infinity Watch #20-22, 248 pages, February 2009, ISBN 0-7851-3128-0)
Thanos: The End (collects Marvel: The End limited series, 160 pages, May 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1116-6)
Thanos:
Epiphany (collects Thanos #1-6, 144 pages, June 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1355-X)
Samaritan (collects Thanos #7-12, 144 pages, October 2004, ISBN 0-7851-1540-4)
Annihilation:
Volume 1 (collects Drax the Destroyer miniseries, “Annihilation: Prologue” one-shot and Annihilation: Nova miniseries, 256 pages, hardcover, March 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2511-6, softcover, October 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2901-4)
Volume 2 (collects Annihilation: Ronan miniseries, Annihilation: Silver Surfer miniseries and Annihilation: Super-Skrull miniseries, 320 pages, hardcover, May 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2512-4, softcover, November 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2902-2)
Volume 3 (collects “Annihilation: The Nova Corps Files” one-shot/handbook, Annihilation limited series and Annihilation: Heralds Of Galactus miniseries, 304 pages, hardcover, July 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2513-2, softcover, December 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2903-0)
Footnotes
^ Adelaide Comics and Books: Jim Starlin interview
Cosmic Cube · Heart of the Universe · Infinity Gauntlet · Infinity Gems
Other Media
War of the Gems • Silver Surfer (1998 TV series) • The Super Hero Squad Show
Related articles
Titan · Starfox
v•d•e
Silver Surfer
Creators
Stan Lee • Jack Kirby
Supporting characters
Adam Warlock • Air-Walker • Alicia Masters • Drax the Destroyer • Fantastic Four • Eternals • Firelord • Galactus • Infinity Watch • Mantis • Nova • Nova (Frankie Raye) • Pip the Troll • Shalla-Bal • Stardust
Villains
Annihilus • Doctor Doom • Champion of the Universe • Elders of the Universe • Ego the Living Planet • Galactus • Kree • Mephisto • Morg • Nebula • Red Shift • Skrulls • Stranger • Terrax • Thanos • Tyrant
group affiliation
Defenders • Herald of Galactus • The Order
Titles & Storylines
Annihilation • Fantastic Four • The Galactus Trilogy • Heroes Reborn • The Infinity Gauntlet • Ultimate Fantastic Four • Silver Surfer
Other Media
Fantastic Four (1967 TV series) • Fantastic Four (1994 TV series) • Silver Surfer (1998 TV series) • Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer • The Super Hero Squad Show • Silver Surfer
See other
Power Cosmic • Supreme Intelligence • Zenn-La
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanos”
Categories: Marvel Comics supervillains | 1973 comics characters debuts | Extraterrestrial supervillains | Marvel Comics EternalsHidden categories: Redundant infobox title param | Character pop | Converted comics character infoboxes | Converted category character infoboxes | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010
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The Alan Turing Building. Home of the School of Mathematics from July 2007
The School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester is one of the largest mathematics departments in the United Kingdom, with around 80 academic staff and an undergraduate intake of roughly 400 a year (including students studying mathematics with a minor in another subject) and another 200 postgraduate students. The school was formed in 2004 by the merger of the mathematics departments of University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) and the Victoria University of Manchester (VUM). In July 2007 the school moved into a purpose-designed building – the first three floors of the Alan Turing Building – on Upper Brook Street.
Contents
1Organization
2History
3See also
4Notes
5External links
Organization
The atrium of the Alan Turing Building
The current head of the school is Peter Duck. The school is divided, mainly for the purposes of teaching administration, into three groups: Pure Mathematics headed by Mike Prest, Applied Mathematics headed by David Silvester, and Probability and Statistics headed by Goran Peskir. The Manchester Institute for Mathematical Sciences (MIMS) is a unit of the school focusing on the organising of mathematical colloquia and conferences, and research visitors. MIMS is headed by Nick Higham FRS, who is also Director of Research. Other high profile mathematicians at Manchester include Sir Martin Taylor FRS and Jeff Paris (Fellow of the British Academy)
Since its formation, the school has made some influential appointments including the topologist Viktor Buchstaber (a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and model theorist Alex Wilkie FRS. Numerical analyst Jack Dongarra, famous as one of the authors of LINPACK, was appointed in 2007 as Turing Fellow. In the autumn of 2007 another corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Albert Shiryaev was appointed to a 20% chair. Shiryaev is famous for his work on probability theory (he was a student of Kolmogorov) and for his work on financial mathematics.
As might be expected from its size, the school has a wide range of research interests, including the traditionally pure areas of Algebra, Analysis and Noncommutative geometry, Ergodic theory Mathematical logic and Dynamical systems, Number theory, Geometry and Topology; and the more applied Fluid dynamics, Solid mechanics, Inverse problems, Mathematical finance, Wave propagation and Scattering. The school also has a strong tradition in Numerical analysis and well established groups in Probability theory, and Mathematical statistics.
Manchester mathematicians have a long tradition of applying mathematics to industrial problems. Nowadays this involves not only the traditional applications in engineering and the physical sciences, but also in the life sciences and the financial sector. Some of the recent industrial partners include Qinetiq, Hewlett Packard, NAg, the MathWorks, Comsol, Philips Labs, Rapiscan Systems and Schlumberger.
History
At the time of merger the two departments that came together to form the school were of roughly equal sizes and academic strengths, and already had a substantial record of collaboration including shared research seminar programmes and fourth year undergraduate and MSc programmes.
Many famous mathematicians have worked at the precursor departments to the school.
In 1885 Horace Lamb, famous for his contribution to fluid dynamics accepted a chair at the VUM and under his leadership the department grew rapidly. Newman wrote:
In 1907 famous analyst and number theorist J.E. Littlewood was appointed to the Richardson Lectureship which he held for three years.
During 1912-1913 the pioneer of weather forecasting and numerical analysis Lewis Fry Richardson worked at Manchester College of Science and Technology (later to become UMIST). Number theorist Louis Mordell joined the College in 1920. During this time he discovered the result for which he is best known, namely the finite basis theorem (or Mordell–Weil theorem), which proved a conjecture of Henri Poincaré. Mordell then went on to become Fielden Reader in Pure Mathematics at VUM in 1922 and then held the Fielden Chair in 1923. Mordell built up the department, offering posts to a number of outstanding mathematicians who had been forced from posts on the continent of Europe. He brought in Reinhold Baer, G. Billing, Paul Erd?s, Chao Ko, Kurt Mahler, and Beniamino Segre. He also recruited J. A. Todd, Patrick du Val, Harold Davenport, L. C. Young, and invited distinguished visitors.
Although Manchester was later to be known as the birthplace of the electronic computer, Douglas Hartree made an earlier contribution building a differential analyser in 1933. The machine was used for ballistics calculations as well calculating railway timetables.
Mordell was succeeded by the famous topologist and cryptanalyst Max Newman in 1945 who, as head of department, transformed it into a centre of international renown. Undergraduate numbers increased from eight per year to 40 and then 60. In 1948 Newman recruited Alan Turing as Reader in the department, and he worked there until his death in 1954, completing some of his profound work on the foundations of computer science including Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Newnam retired in 1964. From 1949-1960 M.S. Bartlett held the first chair in mathematical statistics at VUM, he is known for his contribution to the analysis of data with spatial and temporal patterns, the theory of statistical inference and in multivariate analysis. At Manchester he developed an interest in epidemiology, building a strong group in mathematical statistics and strengthening the department.
The VUM Mathematics Tower prior to its demolition
Fluid dynamicist Sydney Goldstein held the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics from 1945 to 1950, and was succeeded from 1950 to 1959 by James Lighthill, also a fluid dynamicist. In pure mathematics, Bernhard Neumann, an influential group theorist, joined the department at VUM in 1948, leaving as a Reader in 1961 to take a chair in Australia. In 1964, VUM’s Mathematics Tower, an 18 storey skyscraper on Oxford Road, was completed.
Frank Bowman was the longest serving head of Mathematics at UMIST: 1933-1957. This portrait was presented to the department by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1947
Up until the 1950s, UMIST’s Mathematics Department taught largely service courses for the engineering and applied science courses, and despite stars such as Richardson, Mordell and in 1958-1963 group theorist Hanna Neumann, did not have a strong focus on research. Neumannn was later to be the first woman appointed to a Professorial Chair of Mathematics in Australia.
The Maths and Social Sciences Building, which housed the UMIST Department of Mathematics from 1968 until merger, and part of the merged School until the opening of the Alan Turing Building in July 2007
With the rapid expansion of higher education and the starting of an undergraduate mathematics degree this changed, and by 1968 the 15 storey Maths and Social Sciences Building (MSS) was completed on UMIST campus to house the growing department. In 1960 Robin Bullough joined the UMIST department initiating four decades of mathematical physics focusing especially on solitons. The statistics group also grew in strength with an emphasis on time series, led by Maurice Priestley and also Tata Subba Rao. In 1986 pure mathematics at UMIST was strengthened by the appointment of Martin Taylor FRS, famous for his work on properties and structures of algebraic numbers.
Another renowned topologist, Frank Adams, succeeded Newman in the Fielden Chair, which he held from 1964 to 1970.
The VUM Mathematics tower was demolished in 2005, with most of the staff moving to temporary buildings, the pure mathematicians to one named after Newman and the applied to one named after Lamb. The history of the School entered a new phase in July 2007 with the move to the Alan Turing Building
See also
Mathematics section in People Associated with the University of Manchester
Richardson Chair of Applied Mathematics
Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics
Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics
Notes
^ Certainly the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge is larger. Exact figures for Cambridge are hard to come by as the faculty is divided in to DPMMS and DAMTP (which includes some physicists). In the 2001 RAE Cambridge returned 60 applied mathematicians and 38 pure mathematicians as lecturers and professors. In any measure Cambridge is bigger. Oxfords 2001 RAE return lists 43 pure, 32 applied and also 12 statisticians making it slightly larger then and the size may have increased. Probably the next biggest after Manchester is Leeds with about 70 academic staff over pure, applied and statistics.
^ League Tables of UK Mathematics Departments, gives more details of size.
^ Walter Ledermann, Encounters of a Mathematician, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4092-8267-9
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mathematics Tower, University of Manchester
School of Mathematics home page.
VUM Mathematics Tower on syskcrapernews.com
MSS building syskcrapernews.com
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This page was last modified on 10 December 2009 at 09:42.
(Redirected from Haihe River)
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The Hai River basin
The Hai River (Chinese: ??; pinyin: H?i Hé; literally “sea river”), previously called Bai He (Chinese: ??; pinyin: Bái Hé; literally “white river”; Pei Ho in Western sources), is a river in China which flows through Beijing and Tianjin into the Bohai Gulf of the Yellow Sea.
The Hai River is formed at Tianjin by five rivers, the Southern Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, and the Northern Canal. The southern and northern canals are parts of the Grand Canal. The Southern Canal is joined by Wei River at Linqing. The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He (or Chaobai River) at Tongzhou. The Northern Canal (sharing channel with Bai He) is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing. Therefore, the early Westerners also called the Hai He as Bai He.
At Tianjin, through the Grand Canal, the Hai connects with the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The construction of the Grand Canal greatly altered the rivers of the Hai He basin. Previously, the Wei, Ziya Yongding and Bai Rivers flowed separately to the sea. The Grand Canal cut through the lower reaches of these rivers and fused them into one outlet to the sea, in the form of the current Hai He.
Hai He is 1,329 km long from the longest tributary. However, the Hai He is only around 70km from Tianjin to its mouth. Its basin has an area of approximately 319,000 km² (123,000 square miles). Its annual flow is only half that of the Yellow River, or one-thirtieth that of the Yangtze River.
The Yongding River under the Marco Polo Bridge is dried out
Like the Yellow River, the Hai is exceedingly muddy because of the powdery soil through which it flows. The silt carried by the water deposits in the lower reach, sometimes causing water to overflow. The waters from the five major tributaries only have one shallow outlet to the sea, which makes floods even stronger. Because China’s capital (and the second largest city), Beijing, and the third largest city, Tianjin, are both located in the Hai He Basin, Hai He floods cause a significant loss. To allevate flooding, reservoirs are built and artificial channels dug to divert floods directly into the sea. For example, the Chaobai river is diverted to the Chaobai Xin river (’Xin’ means new) and is no longer joined with the Northern Canal.
In recent years, due to the industial and urban development in the Hai He basin, the volume of flow is greatly decreased. Many smaller tributaries and some of the major tributaries dry out for most of the year. With the reduced water flow, water pollution worsens. The water shortage in the Hai He basin is expected to be alleviated by the South-North Water Transfer Project.
Domagalski, J.L., et al. (2001). Comparative water-quality assessment of the Hai He River basin in the People’s Republic of China and three similar basins in the United States . Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
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The Seven Great Rivers of China
Amur River (Heilong Jiang) ·Hai He·Huai He ·Liao He ·Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) ·Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) ·Yellow River (Huang He)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_River”
Categories: Rivers of China | Geography of Beijing | TianjinHidden categories: Articles containing Chinese language text
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This page was last modified on 16 December 2009 at 13:30.
